The most popular use cases for shape keys are in character facial animation and in tweaking and refining a skeletal rig. They are particularly useful for modeling organic soft parts and muscles where there is a need for more control over the resulting shape than what can be achieved with combination of rotation and scale.
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Facial Animation Toolset 2013 Torrent
There are far more muscles of facial expression than there are muscles of mastication. The mimetic muscles are considered to be an extension of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) of the face, which is a fascial plane deep to the subcutaneous tissue but superficial to the muscles of mastication, running from the platysma in the neck up to the galea aponeurotica and the temporoparietal fascia under the scalp.[5] In the upper face, there are several muscles, including the frontalis (connected to the occipitalis via the galea aponeurotica), which raises the eyebrows and produces transverse forehead rhytides, the more superficial corrugator supercilii, which depresses the eyebrows and causes vertical glabellar rhytides ("number 11s" or "frown lines"), and the procerus, which is an even more superficial, midline muscle that causes horizontal rhytides at the root of the nose. In the midface, there are the orbicularis oculi sphincter muscles, which close the eyes, depress the brows, and cause crow's feet wrinkles, and there are the muscles of the nose as well. The orbicularis oculi muscles are exceptionally close to the skin surface, with essentially no subcutaneous fat between its fibers and the dermis. Hypertrophy of the orbicularis oculi may produce bags under the lower eyelids known as festoons, although this is not the most common cause of baggy eyelids. The nasal muscles are the nasalis, which causes vertical "bunny lines" on the nasal sidewalls when patients snarl, and the depressor septi, which pulls down the nasal tip when the upper lip moves, and the paired dilator naris, which flares the nostrils. The elevators of the upper lip, from medial to lateral, are the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, the levator labii superioris (also known as the quadratus labii), and the levator anguli oris, which lies deeper than the other two. Inserting on the modiolus of the oral commissure and serving to move the corner of the mouth upward and outward during smiling are the more medial zygomaticus minor and the more lateral zygomaticus major. The zygomaticus major is the most commonly replaced muscle in facial reanimation surgery, even though additional rehabilitation of upper lip elevation and lower lip depression provides a more natural result when possible.[6][7][8]
Facial muscles themselves may also play a role in reconstructive surgery, particularly the rehabilitation of facial paralysis. When the facial nerve is dysfunctional, one entire side of the face may be either weak or completely paralyzed. Depending on the etiology of the palsy, numerous treatment options may exist; however, in more severe cases, transfer of a muscle innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve may provide a viable reanimation option. Historically, the masseter was disinserted from the angle of the mandible and attached to the modiolus of the oral commissure so that the act of biting would help to produce a smile, but the unnatural bulk and movement vector that resulted led the procedure to be abandoned in favor of repositioning of the temporalis muscle instead.[25][26] When only a single branch of the facial nerve has been injured, such as the marginal mandibular branch, transfer of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle or the platysma may help restore lower lip depression and a more symmetric smile.[27][28] Additionally, in cases of severe blepharoptosis, even though it is not due to facial nerve dysfunction, the frontalis muscle may be used to help raise the eyelid via a surgically placed sling.[29]
Lastly, facial muscles may serve as useful landmarks in facial surgery. The deep plane facelift, a commonly-employed technique originally described by Hamra in 1990, uses the surface of the zygomaticus major muscle as a dissection plane for elevating the malar fat pad.[30] Following the zygomaticus major muscle also serves as an excellent method of identifying the modiolus of the oral commissure when performing a static sling or dynamic reanimation procedure to restore smiling in cases of facial paralysis.
Delano works avidly as an animation author at Pluralsight. Starting his career at animation studios like Shilo, Delano has developed a strong passion for his talents. His animation and rigging background help him teach and create some of the most-watched training on Pluralsight.A few of his favorite projects that he has contributed to include: Character Interaction in Maya and in Softimage, Rigging the Human Face in Maya, Rigging Sea Creatures in Maya, and Rigging and Animating Transforming... more Vehicles. Delano has stacked the Pluralsight training library with knowledge earned from his passionate devotion to the art of animation. He draws his inspiration from films and other forms of art that pack an emotional punch to the audience. Whether you're trying to create subtle facial animations for your demo reel or launch a mad scientist from a catapult in a feature film, Delano's got your back. 2ff7e9595c
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